Glossary
The process – response law of nature. “Physical processes at work today operate consistently in the same way whether in past, present or future, if all environmental conditions remain equal. Moreover, under such conditions they will produce the same responses”.
Chemically a purine. It is a major component of DNA and RNA.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are jawless fish falling within Animalia: Chordata: Sub-phylum Vertebrata.
Different forms of a gene.
Alpha amino acids are the chemical building blocks of proteins and their differing sequences produce the variation in proteins.
The egg produced by the tetrapod vertebrates that resists dehydration and allow gases to move from inside the egg to the external environment. Found in
the mammal-like reptiles, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Sub-phylum Vertebrata. Tetrapoda Vertebrates that do not reproduce using an amniotic egg.
This is the rate of evolution observed in a phylogeny in which superficially it appears to indicate that a new type of species suddenly arises with few if any intermediate types.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are within the Kingdom Animalia.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Amphibia: Apoda. These are a group of snake-like amphibians lacking limbs.
The Domain Archaea of Woese [1977]. Individuals with the traits shown in Table 1 below.
|
DOMAIN |
ARCHAEA |
BACTERIA |
EUKARYA |
|
Cell type |
Prokaryote |
Prokaryote |
Eukaryote |
|
Cell wall |
Muriatic acid absent. The protein |
Muriatic acid present. The protein |
Muriatic acid absent. |
|
Ribosomes |
70S |
70S |
80S |
|
Organelles |
Absent |
Absent |
Present |
|
DNA |
Non-nucleated.
Operans present |
Non-nucleated. Operans present |
Nucleated. Operans absent |
|
tRNA |
Methionine[i] |
Formyl-methionine initiator |
Methionine initiator |
|
mRNA |
No capping or poly-A tailing. |
No capping or poly-A tailing. |
Capping and poly-A tailing. |
[i] Methionine is an
amino-acid that contains sulfur and occurs within polypeptide chains.
It has two forms L- and D-methonine which can be used to separate taxa
e.g. liverworts and mosses.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy these are prokaryotic single celled organism within the Kingdom Monera . Within the three domain system of Woese [1977] they are those organisms placed within the Domain Archaea
Traditionally these are the transitional organisms that evolved from the Theropod dinosaurian Reptilia into the Birds. Living in the Jurassic Period around 155-150 mybp.
The earliest form of society represented by the hunter-gatherers.
A synthetic uterus located externally to its parent organism, within which an embryo can grow.
Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide involved in energy transfer within a cell.
The probable ancestral genus of Homo, existing from 3.0 to 3.9 mybp in Africa. Within the Linnaean system of Taxonomy: Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Hominidae.
A non-equilibrium system that is stable for long periods [metastability] despite matter and energy continually passing through them e.g. a cell.
A domain of the life. See Table 1.
Two nucleotides that lie on opposite strands of DNA/RNA connected by hydrogen bonds.
The physically transference of a brain from a living individual into the skull of a brain-dead, donor body, from which the brain has been removed. The brain is connected to all of the functional systems of the donor body [nerves, blood etc].
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Biston betularia. Two forms f. carbonaria [dark colored] and f. typica [light colored] exist.
A religion based upon the teaching of Gautama Buddha that believe that existence is controlled by karma: that ones actions have consequences that determine ones present and future state.
The first geological Period of the Palaeozoic Era extending from 542 mybp to 488.3 mybp.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy: Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini, containing the Old World Monkey’s and the Apes.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Amphibia: Lissamphibia: Caudata. Commonly called the Salamander and first evolved in the Middle Permian Period.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates. The New World Monkey’s.
Chemical reactions that are contained within a spherical molecule membrane forming a definable living system.
The most recent geological Era extending from 65.6 mybp to today.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates. The Old World Monkey’s
The oxidation of inorganic molecules or methane as a source of energy for biological conversion of carbon molecules and nutrients within the cells of chemoautotrophic organism.
A designed chimera is an organism that contains functional genetically distinct cells derived from different species; a natural chimera is a more restricted view and is formed from different zygotes of the same parents joining during embryological development.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are within the photosynthetic prokaryotic green algae belonging to the Class Chlorophyceae.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy a Class of the Vertebrates that contain all organisms that are jawed cartilaginous fish.
A religion, named by Ignatius of Antioch and based around the early writings of Ignatius of Antioch [Theophorus], Polycarp, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen that professes to incorporate the teachings and belief system of the Jewish prophet Jesus of Nazareth.
Composite DNA molecules found in the cell.
An assumed succession of interbreeding populations that is defined by the traits of its representatives extending through a period of time. Based upon paleontological evidence.
A species that is defined by the traits of its representatives extending through a period of time i.e. based upon a chronodeme.
The process whereby ancestral populations give rise to descendant groups by divergence, each of which remains discrete from every other throughout their subsequent history. Fundamentally, it is the process by which new species and higher taxa arise.
The simple division of objects, ideas, etc. into groups [either hierarchical or otherwise] represents their classification system.
Human reasoning allows different classification systems to exist for different purposes: even of the same objects. Moreover, such classifications are not a pre-determined structure of objects but are developed and can be modified over time and space.
Making an identical copy of something.
Combinational outcome , Law of
The law of nature
A system composed of interconnected parts that can exhibit properties not apparent from the properties of the individual parts: referred to as emergent phenomena. A system that has no largest model that is simulable [Rosen].
The encoding-decoding process that takes place in a brain.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are within the
The ethnic, social and cultural aspects of an interbreeding population.
A series of causes and effects that cycle back repetitively.
One of the five main bases found in DNA, forming links with Guanine. A member of the Pyrimidines that is metastable and can change into Uracil.
Making political decisions within a representative democracy using consensus of the effected citizens.
Democracy
Making political decisions by voting.
A geological Period of the Palaeozoic Era extending from 416 mybp to 359.2 mybp.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Sauropsida: Diapsida. Reptiles that evolved two temporal fenestra [holes] on either side of the skull. They include the Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs and Plesiosaurs.
That phase of cladogenesis during which selection pressure is increasing and with this harshness the species can undergo a drastic drop in numbers. The individuals living in the less favourable parts of the environmental range are wiped out.
That phase of cladogenesis during which the selection pressure is moderate once more. The surviving groups start to diverge from each other. At first the differences are only slight but they continue to become more and more pronounced until they reach specific, generic or even familial distinction. In the fossil record this is seen when two or more later-fossil populations form a distinctly new taxonomic group that can be related to an earlier form.
Variation within a gamodeme; politically: allowing tolerance for people of different views.
The study of God.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid molecules that contains the genetic code.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are within the
The development of a complex pattern or system from a multiplicity of simple reactions.
A geological Epoch of the Cenozoic Era extending form 55.8 mybp to 33.9 mybp.
That phase of Cladogenesis during which the population undergoes rapid increase in numbers and variation because the selection pressure is decreasing and with this lenience the species increases its numbers and inhabits a wider geographic area. In the fossil record the result is a wider range of morphologic types, living in a wider range of environmental conditions, over a wider geographic area with time.
All organisms that are within the Domain Bacteria. Unicellular Prokaryotes separate from the Domain Archaea.
The improvement of a genetic line by the removal of individuals from the physical gamodeme who have unwanted traits. Eugenics keeps on
returning as an issue relating to social condition because repeatedly some people see the concept as not only logical but a clear way to improve the cultural gamodeme. Others cannot separate modern eugenics from the inhuman ideas of the last Millennium, and do not accept that germ line genetic engineering [GLGE] could improve the human condition.
A Domain of life. See Table 1.
One of Jupiter’s four main satellites having a frozen water surface with a presumed ocean below the thin ice. Europa has a magnetic field, and heat derived from its core is believed to be sufficient to keep the water liquid below the ice. It is likely that the oceans have existed for millions of years and this presents the possibility of living systems having evolved.
Society based upon industrialization and the replacement of war by cooperation amongst nations, empires and religious hegemonies. A need for strong internal regulation clearly understood by the population is evident in Eusociety, and rules and regulations pertaining to all manner of social interaction occur as common law. The role of government is fundamentally one of regulation, the development of regulation, and the imposing of regulation upon the population. An important constraint is that government is perceived as providing access to the basic resource needs of individuals within the cultural gamodeme.
The act of deliberately dying painlessly and quickly. Ethically it is initiated by a need to avoid pain and unnecessary suffering in an individual when it is called ‘mercy killing’. Some religious fundamentalists take a stance against mercy killing because it is immoral within their belief system, but this infringes upon individual rights or the rights of kinsfolk in a democratic society. Euthanasia is practiced throughout the animal kingdom.
The acts of conception, development and birth outside of the human body.
A statistically designed experiment performed under rigorous constraints and methods of analysis and interpretation.
The death of every member of a phylogeny so that the ancestor – descendent process ceases.
Originally a movement initiated by Mussolini in Italy. A totalitarian dictatorship with fundamentalist overtones of superiority over the masses.
Ga [sometimes written GA]
Gigoannum = 1,000,000,000 years.
A reproductive cell of an individual, that carries a single set [half or haploid] of the parents chromosomes i.e. is principally derived from the grandmother or grandfather. This genetic material is derived via meiosis and is not an exact replicate of the individuals somatic [body] cell. In female individuals the gamete is the egg. In male individuals the gamete is a sperm. Two gametes fuse to form the Zygote.
The haploid reproductive cell of a plant containing a single set of chromosomes.
An interbreeding population.
The gradual change of allele frequency within a gamodeme over time. Most precisely it refers to random change in allele frequency due to the probability of unknown effects altering the chromosome [i.e. contained in the 'error term']. Less precisely it is change in the allele frequency due to very minor effects [i.e. known effects in addition to the error term] that occur randomly.
The genetic make-up[based upon alleles] of an individual.
Gametes.
The King hero of Babylonian and Sumerian epic myths.
With a capital ‘G’ an entity that interferes into events in our Universe. With a small ‘g’ a non-interfering entity that exists outside of our Universe i.e. outside of space-time, responsible for initiating our Universe.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all Primates that are within the family Hominidae. They include such common forms as orangutans, gorillas, humans and chimpanzees.
A purine. One of the five main bases in DNA and RNA. It binds to Cytosine in the chromosome molecule.
The religious system initiated and practised by Hindu’s of Peninsular India based upon ancient writings and oral tradition. The all embracing nature of Hinduism in the cultural gamodeme suggests it is a proto-religion.
A morphospecies that can be traced over a wide geographic area such that it can encompass more than one morphospecies determined as existing within a single time frame.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: family Hominidae. The Great Apes are the tailless Primates, which include orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee and humans.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: superfamily Hominoidea. Together with the Great Apes they include the Lesser Apes [Hylobatidae] such as the Gibbon.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo. The genus that includes all of humankind.
A theoretical name for those members of Homo sapiens that will result from extra-terrestrial isolated gamodemes i.e. effectively do not interbreed with Homo sapiens.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species erectus.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species habilis.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species heidelburgensis.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species roboticus.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species neanderthalensis.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Homo: species sapiens.
The complete genetic sequence of a human being as seen in the chromosomes.
An educational ideal, one of the foundations of which is the human potential to achieve good. Humanism is often associated with the related concept of humanity but humanism is not a necessary part of humanity. The humanist approach has been neither accepted nor used much by Homo sapiens during the history of the species.
The study of humankind.
All members of the genus Homo. In a restricted sense only members of the species H. sapiens are included.
The early method of obtaining resources practised in archaeosociety.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Ichthyostegalia: Ichthyostegidae. Tetrapoda that lived in the Upper Devonian Period.
The group of individual people who move from one or more physical gamodemes into another physical gamodeme where they remain as part of the interbreeding population.
The migration of individuals from one location [commonly a country] to another to become a permanent member of the gamodeme.
Perpetual life.
Development within an artificial environment e.g. a test tube.
The beginning of Eusociety. The point in time when production became mechanised, starting around 1760 in England. This is the period when major social changes took place in western civilization. It was the beginning of Modernism and the influence of the Enlightenment philosophers. In the book Cosmopolis: the hidden agenda of modernity, Stephen Toulmin writes that by the turn of the seventeenth century, Europe was embarking on “what we now call modernity, an intellectual and practical agenda which set aside the tolerant, skeptical attitude of the sixteenth-century humanists and focused on the seventeenth-century pursuit of mathematical exactitude and logical rigor, intellectual certainty and moral purity.” With this came the whole notion of individual rights. It coincides with the Age of Reason.
Instability , Law of
The physical-chemical response to a physical-chemical interaction following the laws of conditional statistics.
A religion, based primarily upon the writings of the prophet Mohamed that professes to be the words of the one true God [Allah].
The intron regions of the chromosome molecule. These sequences are probably important in controlling the development
of traits in some way or another because chromosome duplication processes are far too precise to allow replication of useless materials.
The middle geological Period of the Mesozoic Era extending from 199.6 mybp to 145.5 mybp..
The San people of Southern Africa and especially the Kalahari Desert of Botswana. Zulu myth stories portray the San of present Southern Africa and the Pygmies of the Congo River Basin as the first people put on Earth by the Goddess of Creation. The Khoi were both absorbed and dispossessed by the waves of the Tswana and the Sotho tribes, during a later migration of Bantu from the north down through the central part of Southern Africa.
Genetically related individuals forming a family group.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Amphibia, existing during the Upper Palaeozoic, Lower Mesozoic eras. Some modern usage places them as pre-amphibians.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia. They are characterized by a brain containing a neocortex, sweat glands, hair, and triple middle ear bones modified for hearing.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Vertebrata: Tetrapoda: Synapsida. They have a temporal fenestra behind each eye orbit and the side of the skull. Principally including the Therapsids and Pelycosaurs, but ‘clade’ taxonomy includes the mammals which are directly descended from the traditional ‘mammal-like reptiles”.
A political system, based primarily upon the writings of Karl Marx.
The kind of chromosomal replication that occurs in sexually reproducing organism resulting in the formation of germ cells
A social concept that equates a persons merits with his/her ability plus effort.
The Middle Stone Age.
The middle Geological Era of the Phanerozoic, extending from 251 mybp to 65.5 mybp.
The linear sequences of chemical reactions performed within a cell.
People who believe their personal belief system [usually a religion] is the fundamental political system within which all should live. Other views are completely unacceptable and must be eliminated from the cultural gamodeme.
Anything that is discovered, or merely recognized, as occurring between any two adjacent elements of a trend.
A geological Period of the Palaeozoic Era extending from 359.2 mybp to 318.1 mybp.
Mitochondria are circular molecules of DNA that occur outside of the nucleus of the cell. They probably originated as isolated sites of chemical reactions during the proto-biologic phase of evolution of organic matter, but today they are localized within a cellular system. Mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] is inherited only though the maternal line, derived from the maternal germ cell. The mitochondrial DNA does not recombine with any nuclear DNA, although its function is partially controlled by the nucleus i.e. it is passed on unchanged except for mutations.
A process that makes a copy of each chromosome during the division of the cell such that the two new daughter cells that result from cell division contain replicas of the DNA in the original cell.
Any religion that accepts only a single God
Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Monotremata. Mammals that lay eggs such as the Platypus and the Echidnas.
A group of individuals with similar or the same morphological characters, the limits of variation allowed in such a species being arbitrarily defined by a competent worker. Mayr, 1942.
Mitochondrial DNA.
A person who believes the Arab prophet Mohamed wrote down the words of the one true God [Allah] in the book called the Koran.
A change in the DNA structure of the chromosome molecule. Early ideas suggested mutations were driven by external criteria but although such may be the ultimate cause the proximate cause is internal due to slight inconsistencies in replication and protein synthesis. The phenomenon of chromosomal mutation is in general lethal to the cell or causes sterile offspring such as the mule. Genetic mutations, on the other hand, cause most of the diversity seen in a gamodeme and phylogeny
.
The manipulation of matter at the scale of 100 nanometers or less.
Beginning during the last phase of the Stone Age with the incoming of agriculture and ending with the beginning of the Metal Age [Copper, Bronze, and Iron ages]. Beginning in the Levant around 8500 BC it spread outwards from its core. Characterized by Homo sapiens Protosociety.
That branch of biology that deals with extant and living organism.
The evolution by Lamarckian processes to produce the ideal citizen to serve the Soviet under Leninist-Stalinist hypotheses. In the 1960’s the argument went along the following lines. The ‘new soviet man’ is a wonderful ideal for society; therefore, it is valid to manipulate the educational and cultural environment to mold the population into that image.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all Primates that are within the Platyrrhini and characterized by a flattened nose with nostrils pointing sideways. They have 12 pre-molar teeth. They include such common forms as the marmoset, tamarin, and spider monkey.
A family of biopolymer molecules occurring as a single, double or multiple strands. The common DNA and RNA molecules of living systems are macromolecules of nucleic acid.
Monomers comprising three components: a base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group. They are the structural units of DNA and RNA.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all Primates that are within the Catarrhini and characterized by a narrow nose with nostrils pointing forwards and downwards. They have 8 pre-molar teeth. They include such common forms as the baboon, gibbon and macaques.
A geological Epoch of the Cenozoic Era extending from 33.9 mybp to 23.03 mybp.
A specialized structure within a cell that is enclosed in it’s own cellular membrane.
That stage in the evolution of matter in which chemical reactions become enclosed in a spherical molecule and can autonomously reproduce themselves.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Sauropsida: Dinosauria: Ornithischia. An order of beaked herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by its pelvic structure. .
This is a moderate rate of evolution observed in a phylogeny in which there is a gradual change with time.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Osteichthyes. These are the boney fish.
An Epoch of the Mesozoic Era extending from 65.5 mybp to 55.8 mybp.
That branch of biology that deals with extinct and fossil organisms.
A species based upon morphological variation.
The first geological Era of the Phanerozoic extending from 542 mybp to 251 mybp.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Tetrapoda: Synapsida: Pelycosauria. A group of Upper Paleozoic Synapsida evolving in the Upper Carboniferous and becoming extinct at the end of the Permian. They gave raise to the Therapsids.
A geological Period of the Palaeozoic Era extending from 299 mybp to 251 mybp.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Genetic testing of embryo’s prior to implantation.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Eukaryota: Chromalveolata: Heterokontophyta: Phaeophyceas. These are the Brown Algae.
The insertion of genes that code for pharmaceuticals into a host so that large quantities of the pharmaceutical can be produced by biological breeding.
The interbreeding population.
The appearance of an organism, primarily as a result of the environment drawing out the genetic potential.
The conversion of light energy into chemical energy in living systems, especially in plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria.
The sequence of ancestor – descendent that forms a phylogenic line or Phylogeny.
Placental Mammal.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Eutheria. Those mammals that reproduce using a placenta and in which the offspring are carried in a uterus until birth.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Placodermi. The Lower Palaeozoic armored fish living from the Upper Silurian to the Upper Devonian.
The present stance taken by science is that the original size of the Universe was Planck distance. This is because at present we are unable to delve deeper into time beyond a Universe of such size. The Planck distance, which is 10-33 centimetres, represents the original space and time from which the Universe evolved. From this space-time on, scientists can logically develop a Theory for the formation of our present Universe.
The first 10-43 seconds of existence of our Universe. Understanding what happened during the Planck Era requires examining what happens within vacuums at the scale at which quantum mechanics operates. The Plank Era was a seething mass of energy and elementary particles constantly coming in and out of existence
The place beyond Planck distance. To go beyond Planck distance is to delve into a world explored by quantum mechanics where the conventional laws of physics break down and the curvature of space-time has no meaning: it is the Era of Planck Space. Planck Space has some startling properties. First, it has a mass of 10-8 kilograms and energy of about 1019GeV i.e. a very small size and mass with a very high energy. Einstein’s most famous equation suggests that the energy of Planck Space will create a material universe at the speed of light. [1 GeV = a giga-electron–volt
or 109 electron volts].
The time it takes light to travel across Planck distance.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Platyrrhini. The New World Monkeys.
A geological Epoch of the Cenozoic Era extending from 1.806 mybp to 0.0115 mybp.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Eutheria: Plesiadapiformes. An extinct group of mammals that evolved in the Cretaceous Period and are related to the Primates.
The addition to a system of some external elements, commonly regarded as undesirable elements.
Selection pressure imposed on the cultural or physical gamodeme due to increase numbers or increased density of individuals.
Testing a fetus or embryo for disease and birth defects before birth.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Eutheria: Primates. They include the Lemurs, monkeys and apes.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy a Domain of living systems in which the cells lack a cell nucleus.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy all organisms that are within the Suborder Prosimii of the Order Primates.
A biomolecule made up of a linear chain of amino acids.
The form of cultural gamodeme that accompanied the development of agricultural societies.
A group of individuals within a species that share similar physical traits. The definition of a race is based on the decision of a ‘competent’ taxonomist knowledgeable of the variation within the species.
The method of understanding a complex system by examining and understanding the interactions of the sum of its parts.
A belief system based upon one or more supernatural entities manifested as an interfering God or Gods.
The spoken method of communication using reason, emotions and authority to persuade others to adopt one’s own views.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Sarcopterygii: Crossopterygii: Rhipidistia. The lobe finned fish that were the ancestors of the tetrapoda.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Eukaryota: Plantae: Rhodophyta. The Red Algae.
An individual right that asserts that any individual can terminate his/her own life either directly by suicide or indirectly by using an external agent [individuals or the State].
Ribonucleic acid. A nucleic acid that contains ribose sugar contrasting with DNA which contains deoxyribose sugar. In cells it is usually single stranded
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Robotico. A genus of Hominoids that has a
manufactured body and a manufactured consciousness. Argument will exist as to whether or not a biological machine [Homo sapiens] can manufacture a member of its phylogeny [as a mechanical machine] as opposed to biologically evolving it.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Robotico: earthensis. The type species of Robotico: the first humanoid descendent of Homo sapiens.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Mammalia: Primates: Catarrhini: Hominidae: Sahelanthropus. A fossil ape that lived approximately 7 mybp [Miocene Epoch] that may be an ancestor of Homo.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Sauropsida: Dinosauria: Saurischia. The lizard hipped dinosaurs.
Severe combined immunodeficiency is a genetic disorder in which the organism fails to develop an immune system.
The effect of the environment [in its broadest sense] on the development of an individual.
The old age stage of a biological system.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Tetrapoda: Reptiliomorpha: Seymouriidae: Seymouria. A reptile like tetrapod that evolved in the Lower Permian.
Those conditions that effect the cultural gamodeme.
Within the astronomical system of taxonomy the stellar system that consists of the Sun and its surrounding planets.
A body cell.
A tribe of the Bantu speaking people of Africa.
A religious concept involving a none material entity that inhabits a living system, and can survive death. Comparable with the inner Id which is the source of primeval urge and instinctive energy.
The concept of subjugating individual freedoms to the rights of the group by a ruling committee.
A massive ‘mother ship’ containing upwards of a thousand individuals that will allow Homo sapiens to explore the Solar System and Robotico earthensis to explore the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond.
A hollow spherical molecule that forms the semi-permeable cell membrane which protects the chemical systems on the inside of the cell from those on the outside but allows certain needed chemicals to pass into the cell interior and waste products to pass out into the environment.
That phase of Cladogenesis when selection pressure is moderate and the ancestral species is confined to a constricted habitat, with a closely controlled population size.
This is the rate of evolution observed in a phylogeny in which little or no modification is observed with descent. The organisms that form the phylogeny remain fairly much the same over a long time period.
Cells that can renew themselves by mitosis and can differentiate into a many different kinds of specialized cell types.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Vertebrata: Gnathostomata: Tetrapoda: Amniota: Synapsida. They have a single temporal fenestra opening in the skull behind each eye.
The actual process of placing individual objects into a classification is called systematics i.e. the actual classification of individual things within a taxonomic framework.
Taxonomy is the theoretical framework used to establish a classification. Different theoretical frameworks may be used for different purposes; although, in the human mind there appears to be a singular underlying taxonomy for interpreting external and internal stimuli. The mind contains a holistic system operating within the brain, which utilizes both serial and parallel connections to group and retrieve objects following the law of combinatorial outcome. Such a system divides things and events into different groups and assesses how they are arranged one to another.
The transformation of an astronomical body into an Earth like system.
Within the Linnaean system of taxonomy Animalia: Chordata: Vertebrata: Tetrapoda. The four limbed vertebrates.
According to the National Academy of Sciences,
Some scientific explanations are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them. The explanation becomes a scientific theory…….. In science, the word theory refers to a comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature that is supported by many facts gathered over time.
A pyrimidine that is one of the 5 bases in the nuclei acid of DNA. In RNA it is usually replaced by Uracil.
A number scale that represents the passage of time measured either as relative units or absolute units.
A directed sequence of events in which the changes are conditional over time i.e. what happens now is totally or partially dependant, in some way, upon what happened previously. If conditional changes are fairly obvious they are termed trends or sometimes cycles (if they twist back on themselves). A more general term for conditional changes is a developmental sequence.
A geological Period of the Mesozoic Era. Extending from 251 mypb to 199.6 mybp.
A tribe of the Bantu speaking people of Africa.
This is the rate of evolution observed in a phylogeny in which there is a real jump in phylogenic lineage – a new form being introduced between one generation and the next.
The, as yet unrealized, theory in mathematical physics that will combine all the forces of our Universe in order to understand our Universe.
The ancient texts of Hinduism originating, mainly as dialog, between the 800 and 600 BC, and first written down around 1300 AD.
Ultramicroscopic infectious agents that today need a biological host within which to proliferate.
The chromosome that is inherited through the maternal line, composed of about 150 million base pairs. Maleness is determined by the possession of an X-Y pair and femaleness by an XX pair in the somatic cell. A human female has one x-chromosome from her mother and one x-chromosome from her paternal grandmother.
The transplantation of living cells from one species into another, especially pertaining to clinical implantation of organs and tissue, derived from other species, into human beings
The human sex-determining chromosome inherited through the paternal line, composed of about 60 million base pairs. Maleness is determined by the possession of an XY pair and femaleness by an XX pair in the somatic cell. A trait inherited through the Y-chromosome is called an holandric trait.
A zygote is formed when two gametes [sex cells] combine to form an offspring cell during sexual reproduction, the chromosomes from one parent combine with the same kind of chromosomes from the other parent. The zygote becomes the embryo and the embryo becomes the individual.